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A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated film which is created by Adobe Flash or similar animation software and often distributed in the SWF file format. The term Flash animation not only refers to the file format but to the medium in which the animation is produced. With dozens of Flash animated television series, countless more Flash animated television commercials, and award-winning online shorts in circulation, Flash animation is currently enjoying a renaissance. In the late 1990s, when for most Internet users, bandwidth was still at 56 kbit/s, many Flash animation artists employed limited animation or cutout animation when creating projects intended for web distribution. This allowed artists to release shorts and interactive experiences well under 1 MB, which could stream both audio and high-end animation. Flash is able to integrate bitmaps and other raster-based art, as well as video, though most Flash films are created using only vector-based drawings which often result in a somewhat clean graphic appearance. Some hallmarks of poorly produced Flash animation are jerky natural movements (seen in walk-cycles and gestures), auto-tweened character movements, lip-sync without interpolation, and abrupt changes from front to profile view. Flash animations are typically distributed by way of the World Wide Web, in which case they are often referred to as Internet cartoons, online cartoons, or webtoons. Web Flash animations may be interactive and are often created in a series. A Flash animation is distinguished from a Webcomic, which is a comic strip distributed via the Web, rather than an animated cartoon. Flash animation is now taught in schools throughout the UK and can be taken as a GCSE and A-level. ==History== (詳細はRen & Stimpy'' creator John Kricfalusi. On October 15, 1997, he launched ''The Goddamn George Liquor Program'', the first cartoon series produced specifically for the Internet.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=John K’s Guide to Surviving the End of Television )〕 The series starred George Liquor (a fictional character rumored to have ended Kricfalusi's employment on ''Ren & Stimpy'') and his dim-witted nephew Jimmy The Hapless Idiot Boy. Later, Kricfalusi produced more animated projects with Flash including several online shorts for Icebox.com, television commercials, and a music video. Soon after that, web cartoons began appearing on the Internet with more regularity. On February 26, 1999,〔(Animation World Network - 2/3/1999 )〕 in a major milestone for Flash animation, the popular web series ''WhirlGirl'' became the first regularly scheduled Flash animated web series when it premiered on the premium cable channel Showtime in an unprecedented telecast and simultaneous release on the Showtime website.〔(Animation World Network - 1/1/2000 )〕 Created by David B. Williams and produced by Visionary Media, the studio he founded, ''WhirlGirl'' follows the adventures of a young super-heroine fighting for freedom in a future ruled by an all-powerful "mediatech empire". The series originally launched in the spring of 1997 as a web comic with limited animation and sound.〔(Brandweek - 3/15/1999 )〕 After gaining online syndication partners including Lycos.com and WebTV, the series first adopted Flash animation in July 1998.〔(Adweek - 7/13/1998 )〕 Following her Showtime debut, the titular heroine appeared in over 50 Flash webisodes on the Showtime website〔(Broadcasting & Cable - 9/3/2000 )〕 and starred in a million-dollar multimedia Showtime marketing campaign.〔(Animation World Network - 8/8/1999 )〕 About the same time, Joe Cartoon launched the interactive animation "Frog in a Blender" to become one of the very first true "viral hits" on the Internet, gaining more than 90 million views since its release in 1999. ''The Von Ghouls'' went live in November 1999, featuring the first music group with cartoon episodes online including original songs, in the vein of Saturday morning cartoons of the 1970s. A number of popular portal sites featured Flash animation during the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, including Newgrounds, Icebox, MondoMedia, CampChaos, MediaTrip, Bogbeast and AtomFilms. Stan Lee of Marvel Comics launched an animated comics site. The Internet also saw the proliferation of many adult-only Flash cartoon sites. Some of the shows from that period made the transition to traditional media, including Queer Duck, Gary the Rat, Happy Tree Friends, and the politically minded JibJab shorts. Occasionally, the trend has been reversed: after being canceled from both ABC and Fox, ''Atom Films'' and Flinch Studio created net-only episodes of ''The Critic'' in 2000–2001. In another instance, Flash almost made the transition to the big screen. In 2001, production began on what would have been the first Flash-animated feature film, the ill-fated ''Lil' Pimp'', which also began life as an Internet series. As potentially controversial as its subject matter was, it had a relatively large budget, a number of well-known actors (including William Shatner, Bernie Mac, and Lil' Kim), a full crew, and a running time of nearly 80 minutes. Although Sony Pictures decided not to release the film, it was eventually released on DVD by Lion's Gate. In 2000, another major milestone occurred in the world of animation when the first broadcast-quality Flash animation aired on television. Dice Raw's music video "Thin Line between Raw and Jiggy" appeared on the big screen at Resfest 2000, on television via BET, and the Web on sites such as Sputnik7.com, Shockwave.com, Heavy.com and was also included with the CD. Its creation became one of media history’s first convergent entertainment productions. Todd Wahnish, who would later go on to create Marvel Entertainment's "All Winners Squad", pioneered the early conversion of traditional hand-drawn techniques into vector-based animation seen in the video. The video triggered a flood of Flash-based television animation. Several recording companies experimented with releasing animated music videos to promote their artists' releases online, including Madonna, Beastie Boys and Tenacious D; however, none became the hit that allowed for the expansion of Flash animated music videos. Adam Sandler and Tim Burton, among others, released original Internet-only animated works, but were not able to devise successful financial models and the trend dissipated, largely as a result of a lack of viable micro-payment systems. Several popular online series are currently produced in Flash, such as the Emmy Award-winning ''Off-Mikes'', produced by ESPN and Animax Entertainment; ''Gotham Girls'', produced by Warner Bros.; ''Crime Time'', produced by Future Thought Productions and ''Homestar Runner'' produced by Mike and Matt Chapman. Alejo & Valentina, an Argentine flash cartoon series launched in 2002, began to be broadcast by MTV in 2005. The theatrical release of the 1986 animated film ''The Great Mouse Detective'' has the CGI gears inside Big Ben with hand-drawn animated characters. Many today animated television series are produced using Macromedia Flash, inspired by both the comparatively low cost of production and the unique arrays of new animation styles that can be achieved through the medium, including ''Metalocalypse'', ''Being Ian'', ''Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends'', ''Kappa Mikey'', ''Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi'', ''Happy Tree Friends'', ''Odd Job Jack'', ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!'', the BBC Three show ''Monkey Dust'', the Channel Four show ''Modern Toss'', ''Yin Yang Yo!'', ''Aaagh! It's the Mr. Hell Show'', ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'', ''My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic'' on The Hub (however, this show uses a heavily modified version of Flash 8), Cinemax's ''Eli's Dirty Jokes'', ''Queer Duck'' from Showtime, ''The Mr. Men Show'' from Cartoon Network and ''Shorties Watching Shorties'' on Comedy Central. Other TV shows, such as ''Home Movies'' and ''Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law'', which are both broadcast on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block, have switched to Flash from other animation technology. Many animation film festivals have responded to the popularity of Flash animation by adding separate categories in competition for "web cartoons" or "Internet cartoons". Additionally, several exclusively web-based Flash competitions have been established. It is speculated that only the category "made for Internet" will survive, as competitions at animation film festivals are typically arranged in categories defined by film length and distribution channel, rather than by animation techniques or tools used to create it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Flash animation」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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